Appendix B -- Ios Manipulators Used with << Operator

These manipulators are used with cout along with the rest of the output varaibles. For example
cout << endl;
ends the line, can be used even after many other outputs
(cout << "Hi!" << endl;)

Manipulator	Purpose
ws	Turn on whitespace skipping on input
dec	convert next var to decimal
oct	to octal
hex	to hexadecimal
endl	ends the line (same as \n)
ends	insert NULL character
flush	updates monitor
lock	lock file handle
unlock	unlock file handle

A short explanation of flush: cout.flush() and cout << flush do the same thing. On some compilers, the output is "line buffered," which means nothing is displayed until an endl or flush is reached -- this is to increase text speed. If output needs to be displayed without ending the line, use << flush or cout.flush() command.